Arbutin is a proven skin-lightening ingredient that works by blocking melanin production, with over 30 years of research backing its effectiveness. It's generally safe with rare side effects, though there's a caveat: the hydroquinone it's made from can be released during storage, so formulation quality matters. Combining it with other ingredients or laser treatments can boost results.

This is a comprehensive review of existing research on arbutin—not a new experiment. The author examined decades of studies on how arbutin works, its safety profile, its effectiveness alone and in combinations, and emerging antioxidant benefits.

Funding not disclosed in abstract